Education and Poverty Essay

How College Admissions Favor Wealthy Students Over Underprivileged Minorities The growing debate over whether college admissions are partial by overstressing standardized tests and GPA has become a very controversial topic in the realm of education. Numerous students argue that the admission process is unfair in placing a greater emphasis on certain stressed requirements, such as the ACT/SAT, while neglecting to examine the whole applicant. Those who argue against the admission policy believe that each student in the United States comes from a very diverse background, and each application should be looked into with intricacy, rather than regarding just their requirements. Although those requirements are generally what the admission people look for in what they perceive as a quality student, those who argue against it feel that it is best not to overlook a student who overcame tremendous adversity, but just may have needed a point or two to get admitted. The central argument against c ollege admissions has to do with whether challenging life conditions outside of school, for a student who is economically disadvantaged, should be weighted more than the slightly higher grade of a student with a different socioeconomic background in college admissions. In some cases, high school students must work full-time in order to support their families. If a college had to choose between a student who did not need to support his or her family and got a 33 on his or her ACT, and another student with a 29 on their ACT who worked almost full-time to support a family, which would be more likely to get accepted into an Ivy League college if both students had the same 4.0 GPA, classes, and amount of important clubs, etc.? Odds are, the one with the higher ACT will get selected, and those who debate the issue feel that this is where it becomes inequitable. Students argue that working over thirty hours per week while taking the same challenging classes classes shows better work ethic than a student who has an extra thirty hours a week to study. There are a variety of refugees and immigrants who fled their homelands because of jobs, famines, wars, or particular life threatening circumstances, with very  little resources to bring with them. For this reason, it is very difficult for them to absorb the opportunities that well-settled students have. This includes private schooling, tutors, standardized test practices, etc. This gives domestic affluent students a better chance to succeed, due to better overall educational opportunities. The education at a private school is superior to that of a public school because of higher set standards and a very well disciplined system. In Teaching With Poverty In Mind, author Eric Jensen exemplifies a chart indicating that family income correlates significantly with children’s academic success (10). For poor students, a negative correlation is drawn with absenteeism, the factor that most closely relates to dropout rate. For tests like the ACT and SAT, deprived minorities are at the disadvantage because English would be their second language. Some think that most colleges overlook several variables that determine a student’s mental capacity. That is why some educators debate that their needs to be more of a holistic approach because sometimes, a certain factor can stunt a student success, when they may have the abilities to become the next Einstein. The economic value of a particular place or education is how willing a family is to relocate to provide their childr en with higher education potential; this can be measured by the pricing of housing. Majority of migrant families do not have the ability to relocate and provide better education for their children, meaning that they have to accept being in poverty and not having a strong educational background (Paleso 3). The SAT has frequently been criticized for providing a cultural advantage for â€Å"wealthy whites.† In the website article, â€Å"SAT Racial Bias Proves Standardized Tests Are Geared Toward White Students,† Haleigh Collins states that tests like the ACT and SAT have been blamed for widening the achievement gap between whites and minorities. While the math section is objective, the critical reading section and writing section describe topics associated mostly with the white demographic. Often the passages are about subjects that white, upper class students are more exposed to. The verbal section favors white students by using language with which they are more familiar than non-white students. Collins also mentions that for 23 years Roy Freedle, a psyc hologist who works with ETS (the nonprofit â€Å"Educational Testing Service† that develops, administers, and scores standardized tests), has been working to prove that these emphasized ACT and SAT tests give  whites an unfair advantage. His studies show that minority scores significantly lag when compared to whites of equal economic status. As mentioned above, wealthier test takers benefit from being able to afford tutors that cost up to hundreds of dollars an hour to private college counselors; students with means and access to additional help can often bring their scores up significantly. For example, several students see a great increase in their scores after practicing these tests and taking them over and over. Just through coaching and exposure to the tests, they start seeing trends, which enable them to do a lot better. Students who can’t afford or don’t have access to this are at a huge disadvantage. Unfortunately, situations such as this occur often. John Overton High School student Amad Amedy, a full time worker and athlete with an ACT composite score of 29 and a 3.9 GPA, stated that he felt college admissions are crooked. He believed that a underprivileged student who works full time and is more active in after-school clubs and sports should be weighted equally, if not higher, than a student who has just decided to focus and do well in school only, especially if they are not that much more accomplished than the working, social student. He discussed that sometimes students get home late from work and do not have time to study because they need to sleep in order to wake up and take an important test in the morning. Amedy concluded by saying that a well-rounded student will use his extensive knowledge of various trades that he picked up from experience to get further than someone who just stays at home and studies, and that the social and vocational skills earned by working and engaging in extracurricular activities are as valuable as the intellect gained from studying textbooks and researching academic journals. Another John Overton High School student, Benjamin Demonbreun, who is an unemployed student, salutatorian, and National Merit Semifinalist, with a 33 composite on the ACT and a GPA of 4.0, strongly disagreed with Amedy. Ben believed that the standard requirements were a good way to determine who should be accepted into prestigious universities. He argued that students such as himself worked extremely hard, da y in and day out, in what they have needed to do, which is get exceptional grades. Alongside Benjamin, students contest that although they may have had a slightly greater advantage, it does not mean that students such as Amedy have worked harder than them or deserve it more, solely because they do a  few things outside of school. Ben discussed that he has never needed to support a family; school has always been his priority. He believes that emphasis on standardized tests and GPA should not be dismissed by any means because they are a huge determining factor for work ethic, knowledge, and college readiness. In Teaching With Poverty In Mind, Jensen illustrates a few action steps such as more empathy towards the life of a migrant student (11). This better understanding may allow for a more lax curriculum that allows the student some wiggle room. Such steps are seen in MNPS with a new grading policy allowing retakes until students achieve mastery. A few universities have started to become familiar with this situation, due to growth in immigrant populations in the Un ited States. There have been some universities who have abandoned SAT and ACT scores as a means of selection. A growing amount of selective universities, predominantly Ivy League, are beginning to adopt a holistic admissions policy because the holistic approach is very thorough in evaluating the whole of the applicant, rather than reduce the applicant to a few pieces of empirical data, such as test scores and GPA. The holistic policy offers students a chance to show their accomplishments in several distinct ways, rather than only test scores and grade histories, giving people such as Amedy an opportunity to attend a high-status university and receive a wonderful education. With this policy we may see minorities provide a different perspective in different professions that help advance society and technology. Works Cited Amedy, Amad. Personal Interview. 5 April 2014. Collins, Haleigh. â€Å"SAT Racial Bias Proves Standardized Tests Are Geared Toward White Students†. PolicyMic. 12 September 2011. Web. 1 April 2014. Demonbreun, Benjamin. Personal Interview. 5 April 2014. Freedle, Roy. Interview. 1 April 2014. Jensen, Eric. Teaching With Poverty In Mind. 2009. EBook’s (10-11), Web. 8 April 2014. Polese, Mario. The Wealth And Poverty Of Regions: Why Cities Matter. 2009. EBook’s (3). Web. 13 April 2014.

Physical and Mental Effect of Teenage Pregnancy Essay

One of the most traumatic and devastating effect of teenage pregnancy is making it difficult for the girl to continue her education. And this is verily alarming especially here in the Philippines. It is a major contributor to poverty, single parenthood, and limited futures for adolescents and their children that is why it is so significant to attend to the problem now and not later. We must help young parents rise above what the statistics forecast. We can no longer look the other way when it comes to the issues our youth face today whether it is drugs or alcohol abuse, crime, sexual orientation, sexually transmitted infections or pregnancy. Our community must work together to empower, educate and encourage these individuals. We can address these issues by offering workshops on life skills such as budgeting, parenting, and financial planning. Young parents need access to resources in terms of rehabilitation, communication, parenting classes, relationship counseling and training. Successful intervention methods must be established to resolve teenage pregnancy issues and teenage mother’s predicaments The sexual revolution has ushered in a period in which the average adolescent experiences tremendous pressures to have sexual experiences of all kinds. Filipino teens get a higher exposure to sex from the Internet, magazines, TV shows, movies and other media than decades ago, yet without any corresponding increase in information on how to handle the input. So kids are pretty much left to other kids for opinions and value formation when it comes to sex. Sexual misinformation is therefore equally shared in the group. Parents at home and teachers in school feel equally inadequate or uneasy to discuss the topic of sex with youngsters. The problem mounts because theirpeers has a more profound influence than parents do and they exert pressure and expect the adolescent to conform to the rest of them. Teen pregnancy has become known to be one of the most serious social problems in thewhole world. The youths today is at high risk of becoming an early and immature parent who areexpose to a malevolent behaviors. This issue is a severe family stressor that may quickly lead toa family crisis. The main objective of this research is to consider the physical and mental health ofapregnantteenager. As well as the cause and effect of pregnancy to the teenager and their social interaction. The heart of a mother is a deep abyss at the bottom of which you will always find  forgiveness†. Teenage pregnancy in the Philippines Teenage pregnancy in the Philippines is increasingly becoming a major cause of concern. There is a rising trend of young women becoming mothers and majority of whom are unmarried. Young pregnant women are more vulnerable to death during pregnancy while childbirth and huge number are not physically and emotionally prepared for motherhood. This is a direct reflection that there is inadequate and inaccurate information on adolescent pregnancy and not enough priority is given to maternal and child health care. If pregnancy occurs, teenagers and their families deserve honest and sensitive counseling about options available to them, from abortion to adoption. Special support systems, including consultation with a child and adolescent psychiatrist when needed, should be available to help the teenager throughout the pregnancy, the birth, and the decision about whether to keep the infant or give it up for adoption. The ability to talk openly about problems is one of the most important aspects of the  parent and child relationship. Developing this relationship  and open communication takes time,  persistence, and understanding. The relationship develops gradually  by spending time with the child. Meal times, storytelling, reading, playing games, outings, vacations, and celebrations are important opportunities for parents to spend time with their child. Parents should also try to spend some individual time with each child, particularly when talking about difficult or upsetting things. This relationship creates the foundation for talking with the child when struggles and conflicts  emerge  during  adolescence. Whatever feelings you’re experiencing, this is likely to be a difficult time for your family. The important thing to realize is that your teen needs you now more than ever. Being able to communicate with each other – especially when emotions are running high – is essential. Teens that are carrying a baby to term have special health concerns, and your child will have a healthier pregnancy – emotionally and physically – if she knows she doesn’t have to go it alone.

Organisational culture and the scandal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organisational culture and the scandal - Essay Example This was the second write-down due to EDS. HP also revised its restructuring plans and changed the estimates based on the fourth quarter revenues and asserted that the company would be experiencing lower revenues from the software segment due to alleged fraud by Autonomy. HP recorded an estimated $ 8.8 billion write-down in the acquisition. According to the author, the company had made a poor hiring decision after another since it failed to stand behind CEO Mark Hurd who was keen on corporate governance (Saintvilus 2). HP business performance after the exit of Hurd began to fall, and no one could have predicted what his departure would hold for the future of HP. Hurd who is currently a president at a rival company (Oracle) was ousted from the management of HP due to allegations of sexual harassment that were attributed to Jodie Fisher who was an outside contractor. But surprisingly, Jodie Fisher who has appeared in many movies like ‘sheer passion† interestingly expressed sympathy for Hurd’s firing accusing HP of quick and sudden decision. Fisher’s attorney also claimed that the two had no sexual relationship, but the board went ahead to fire Hurd. The board failed in due diligence in the internal investigations since the board rushed the decision without attributing any evidence of managerial misconduct to Hurd (Svensson 3). Hurd had actually steered HP stock performance from $ 21 to $ 42 due to strong strategic leadership, but the share began to fall soon after Hurd’s departure. The share plummeted to a 10-year low of $ 11.35, but the board has been adamant in acknowledging that it made a wrong decision. After Hurd moved to Oracle, HP feared for its survival in the market and started legal wars citing non-compete agreements with Hurd thus leading to more business rivalry that included Oracle’s termination of porting software than runs on HP’s servers that uses Intel’s Itanium chips. The HP segment eroded $ 275 million in revenues. The above HP situation relates to lack of due diligence, corporate ethics and poor corporate culture since the Board has consistently failed in its decisions. Before HP finalized the acquisition, Jim Chanos, a short seller also issued detailed reports highlighting loopholes in Autonomy’s disclosures and financial records. Of particular note is that the entire management did not support the deal since the Chief financial officer who oversaw the acquisition was against the deal. Cathy Lesjak, the CFO had cautioned the management that the acquisition was expensive and was not in the best interests of the company (Wall Street Journal 2012). Organisational culture and the scandal There are many corporate governance requirement and financial reporting requirements that should be followed by all corporations. This means that the board of directors must exercise due diligence when dealing with other stakeholders or when reporting the economic performance of t he company. The management of HP is tasked with safeguarding the welfare of the shareholders who provide capital for the company. The board of directors at HP did not see the need of impartial investigations before acquisition of Autonomy. According to corporate governance issues, stronger companies like HP will acquire other

Simultaneous determination of eight illegal dyes in chili products by Coursework

Simultaneous determination of eight illegal dyes in chili products by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry - Coursework Example Cross- contamination or adulteration is one of the main foods contaminating process in the due use of Sudan dyes (Juan Lia et al. 2013). This experiment ought to have taken pre-cautions to inform its readers on the harmful effects of these eight illegal dyes in chili products. Spectrophotometric method could have been discussed somewhere in this paper as a way that can be used to detect the presence of Sudan dyes and other illegal dyes in chili powders or any other food stuff in ppm levels (Juan Lia et al. 2013). This method has been found reliable in identifying and estimating the level of sudan I-IV in Chili samples. Ethyl acetate is yet another useful solvent used to extract dyes from chili samples as well as the preparation of samples. The eight illegal dyes discussed in this paper cause carcinogenicity which is a high producing capacity among many other ailments. Otherwise, the paper developed the HPLC-MS/MS chronologically from the first to the last step demonstrating the extraction procedure used to determine eight illegal synthetic dyes in chili products simultaneously. The selection of MS/MS technique combined with chromatographic separation was an accurate method of determining compounds in complex matrices with less ambiguity (Juan Lia et al. 2013). The method was effective that it did not require the laborious clean up procedures. The method was highly accurate with a good repeatability. The detection of any limits like quantification limits was minimal (Juan Lia et al. 2013). The HPLC-MS/MS process employed in the paper proved to be effective for fraud detections in both exported and imported chili products. The analysis of data was done effectively through the use of graphs and tables to illustrate the results. The chemical structures of the eight illegal dyes analysed were also illustrated in both

Law 2 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law 2 - Case Study Example In Australian law, the legal transaction involving selling or buying of property is referred to as ‘conveyancing’ (Civil Law ‘Sale of Residential Property’ Act 2003). This law deals with transfer of property ownership and the process to be followed by buyer and seller. The process is more involved with the buyer than the seller. The seller’s duty is mainly to make sure that the buyer receives good title, ensure any mortgage payout over the property is settled, and making sure the agreement cost is settled. The buyer on his part has to ensure clarity of the title, prepare documents required for the transfer, and organize the funds required for the transaction. For the situation, the buyer (Gary) should sue Sheldon for providing false documents in the contract. He is therefore, entitled to compensation as stated in section 19 of the sale of residential property. Under this section, where it is a requirement that the buyer be compensated if the statements or reports provided as per section 9, are false or misleading or are not prepared with exercise of practical skill and care, and as a result, the buyer is subjected to loss. Gary may also lose the case if it is found that it is through neglect that he got involved in the situation at hand. Gary was supposed to be extremely cautious in getting into the contract by fulfilling some of the most decisive legal requirements that would make Sheldon obligated to him. These would involve him, ensuring that all the special conditions are inserted pertaining the agreement. This would have been best if he hired a solicitor to check the contract before agreeing to sign. Through this, he would have been aware of defects in the contract such as Sheldon’s missing name and signature. It is a requirement by the sale of property in NSW, for any deposit made to be held by the seller’s agent or solicitor. The deposit is protected by legislation in the hands of solicitor or agent from any form of misuse. The

A Practical Approach to Overcoming the Omnivore Essay

A Practical Approach to Overcoming the Omnivore - Essay Example The result is that Americans have many choices of processed foods, but they are mostly based on the same crop (corn) resulting in the "omnivores dilemma". But what are the alternatives to a diet of mass-produced food? Does not have to become a hunter or gatherer to resolve the omnivore’s dilemma? With conscious choices and determination to find the origins of one’s food, one can overcome the omnivore’s dilemma and eat a balanced diet. The thesis that Pollan has posed in his book is "we eat by the grace of nature, not industry, and what were eating is never anything more or less than the body of the world" (Pollan 411). It means that we eat because we need to exist as part of nature, and whatever we eat comes from nature. However, if that had been the case, America would not have been faced with the omnivore’s dilemma. Burgers, soda and ice cream are all mass produced in America. It is difficult to distinguish the natural sources of these foods. Pollan describes an American meal as "the myriad streams of commodity corn, after being variously processed and turned into meat, converge... at KFC or Pizza Hut or Applebees" (Pollan 109). To meet this challenge, Pollan has decided to investigate a meal he has prepared for a group of people and discovered that it is not just industrialization that is on trial. The food producing chain of various farms and industries, to the supermarkets that sell them and the media that airs so-called intelligent nutritional wisdom, all influence the way Americans perceive food. Pollan is of the view that the average American largely depends on fast food for meals and does not care where that food comes from. People eat Subway’s salads because the company markets them as healthy. People eat McDonald’s meals because they are convenient. But what guarantees do people have that the ingredients of these meals come from ethical, healthy or

Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Assignment - Research Paper Example Therefore, in order for the businesses to remain competitive, advertising and fashion shows have become important activities that aim at attracting the customers. However, the level at which models with low body mass index is used in fashion shows and advertising within the fashion arts is alarming. This paper will therefore discuss reasons why use of models with low body mass index in fashion shows and advertising within the fashion arts should be banned. The largest market segment composes of the young generation. These are people who are willing to use their disposable money on luxurious goods. Therefore, they are easily swayed by the models with low body mass index. With the changing perception concerning the fashion industry, many of the young people want to look like the models that are used in the fashion shows and adverts of the fashion arts. Even though majority of them do not have the knowledge on losing weight, they try to use any means available to look like the fashion models. For instance, research indicates that many turn to diet in order to reduce their body mass index (Perrier 27). This is through reducing the amount of food they take or skipping some of the meals. Majority of these people ends up being malnourished or suffering from diseases that are associated with poor feeding habits. On the other hand, other groups of people have turned their attention to drugs that are perceived to help the users reduce the body mass index. Some of these drugs have devastating side effects. Majority of the users suffer from body reactions that emanates from the use of the drugs. This is because there are no prescribed ways of using them. Furthermore, majority of them are misled and do not have the information on the repercussions of these drugs on their bodies. Therefore, during fashion shows and fashion adverts, models used should be a representative of the whole population. These are people of all body sizes. Nevertheless, during

SABMiller's takeover of Fosters Implementation task Essay

SABMiller's takeover of Fosters Implementation task - Essay Example For instance, British business culture is more formal and there approach is more money oriented. British employees like to engage in work with people, besides the management and leadership put much high emphasis on organization structure. The Australian culture on the other hand is less formal and casual in job situations and above all organization rather than the workforce is the key motivator. Australian managers like to take direct part in the employee progress and have an environment similar to a coaching culture. Additionally, the Australians are more performance oriented rather than power oriented. This is a clear indication that unless SABMiller addresses these imminent cultural differences, the takeover bid may suffer a big blow. The Australian culture will certainly set leadership and management precedence to its organizations, which will be emulated by various managers and leaders. Marvin Weisbord six boxes model, which include purposes, structure, leadership, relationship, reward, and helpful mechanisms, can effectively be used to solve SABMiller takeover bid challenges. Purposes calls for the management to analyse the extent to which organization goals are clear, fits its vision and is upheld by everyone (Sharma , 2007; 72). Structure is the next element, it focuses on how work and communication flows in the organization. Relationships require management to assess the relationship between organization members, people and technology. Reward calls for management to identify what to recognize. Leadership calls for specific leadership style to be applied. Helpful mechanism calls for adequate coordination techniques (Shapiro, 2010). Kotters 8-Step Change Model is also the best solution to SABMiller takeover challenges. Step calls for the management to create urgency by publicizing the urgency around the need for change (Coutts, 2007). Forming a powerful coalition involves convincing everyone about the need for change while

Free

Freedom of speech Essay Freedom of speech and the liberty to uphold oneÂ’s expression has long been the subject of many debates. It has taken centuries if not years for mankind to come to a point where many can easily voice their opinions without having to ponder over the consequences. But one should always know where to draw the line. Freedom of expression also needs to have its limits. Two of the masterminds who put forth their work on liberty and freedom of speech were John Stuart Mill and Jean-Jacque Rousseau. The concepts penned by Rousseau contradict those that were constructed by Mil; while the former focused on the functioning of the society as a whole, the latter advocated the rights of the individual to his freedom. Mill basically argument in his piece ‘On LibertyÂ’ allows for Utilitarian approach. His main idea was to give society and human nature a complete independence to mature and expand in infinite ways and direction. The main idea revolved around the kind of power that can be placed upon the individual by the society, and how that power was wrong unless exercised in self-defense. In particular, minorities were often the ones being oppressed. Mill pointed out that this tyrannical behavior was being supported by the major thinkers of that day. Public opinion followed the opinion of these thinkers and hence ended up doing the same. ‘On LibertyÂ’ sought to diminish the power the society had over an individualÂ’s freedom by giving that individual the freedom of speech. It was identified through the works that most people had precedent and preference which further provoked dissent and thus pressurized people. Mill also noted that there was no way of judging people on their inte rference into another personÂ’s private affairs. MillÂ’s idea of complete and total independence from society is contradicted in RousseauÂ’s works ‘The Social Contract,Â’ according to which man was restricted by the state and society that he existed in, once he became a part of the land he gave up the right to himself; society had a right upon the individual which he agrees to when he chooses to exist within a given society. This, he believed, was done for the greater good of the entire society; thereby his main focus was the society and not the individual, unlike Mill. For Rousseau, society itself was like a collective individual and that collective entity was sovereign and not a singular entity. He  allowed for individuals having their own aims and goals, but asserted that the will of the collective paved way for the greater good. By this definition he gives the society the power to act for the greater good and confirms that authority as absolute. He even goes as far as to recommend the death penalty for anyone who goes against this norm. Their ideas give us two different facets of life. Should one speak oneÂ’s mind or work for the greater good of the society?Mill believed in supporting diversity while condemning conformity by rejecting any form of manipulation that could be applied to a personÂ’s opinion or behavior. It was the revolutionary authorÂ’s belief that liberty forms the basis of much of the social progress that takes place. Through ‘On Liberty,Â’ it is asserted that freedom of speech is important primarily because to begin with, the opinion which most find disdainful maybe the correct one. Secondly, even if one voices a direly disproportionate view, refuting it will only help strengthen the general understanding of the topic amongst the masses. It was MillÂ’s belief that by continuously voicing thoughts, ideas and questions people kept society moving and defied stagnation. ‘The Social Contract,Â’ on the other hand goes onto state that the authority the ruler has over the state is like that of the father over his child. There is literally absolute control. Through RousseauÂ’s argument we are told that the mighty are the fittest to lead and decide what is best for the entire society. The wellbeing of the society depends on it functioning as one body, mind and soul. Each individual is part of the grand scheme which is built around the orders of the sovereign i.e. the rulers of the state. Mill charted three categories of freedom and asserted that the society was to abide by all three, if it were a free society. The first was freedom of thought and opinion, the second being the right to plan oneÂ’s life and future and the third to associate with other individuals on mutual grounds. The main idea behind this was that one should be able to pursue their own whims without hurting others in the process. Rousseau also has three implications of the contract. The first one being the fact that the conditions of the contract are same for everyone which is why everyone will collectively make it easier for everyone else to follow, secondly an individual cannot stand against the authority because he has given up that  right because he is a part of the state, and lastly, there is completely equality ergo the natural freedom that people enjoy stays intact, regardless of the social contract. It was in the ‘Discourse of InequalityÂ’ that Rousseau observed of inequality that the powerful has the choice between giving the masses an equal piece of the pie or letting the masses rot while they took everything for themselves. He was not an advocate of the powerful; he merely illustrated how the meek must always follow them because they have no other choice. The problem with RousseauÂ’s approach is that it completely rejects the claim that minorities or small groups may have on the society. If the masses chose to, they can quite literally annihilate any small sects that they wish without as much as a blink of an eye. In this regard, we are forced to side with MillÂ’s argument. However, ‘On LibertyÂ’ has its own faults because it focuses too much on the individualÂ’s needs without paying much heed to the society. Mill believed that the only instance where any one person or the society itself was justified in interfering with someoneÂ’s freedom was for their own self-preservation. In this way MillÂ’s only restriction on liberty was when it ended up harming other people, for which he advocated restraint. He was against the idea that meddling in someoneÂ’s affair. Diversity was not something to be toyed with, but the right to liberty was to be treated with respect. One has to also note that much of MillÂ’s work is at times vague on the limitations that can be placed on an individual. Another weak point is his extreme emphasis on the individual and not creating a balance between the individual and the society. While the individual was required to support the society he/she lived in, that by no means gave society any right to probe into their matters. As stated in the ‘Discourse of Inequality,Â’ “The difference between good and bad men is determined by public esteemÂ… The rank of citizens ought, therefore, to be regulated, not according to their personal merit Ââ€" for this would put it in the power of the magistrate to apply the law almost arbitrarily,” this shows that he believed that individuality would only hinder the laws that had been catered to the society as a whole. If each person was to be accounted for then the whole as Rousseau saw it, would come to a halt. Both authors present two extreme ways of life. while one advocates complete and total freedom, albeit not at the expense of others, the other goes on to suggest that freedom is restricted only is what the choices someone more powerful has selected for the majority. For freedom of speech both arguments do not fit. There needs to be a balance between the two. One cannot allow complete and total freedom of speech because inadvertently, whether it was intended or not, an individual may end up harming the society he/she lives in. If everyone began to voice a million different point of views at the same time there wouldnÂ’t be diversity, there would be chaos. Similarly, if the entire society was to follow the whims of a few men and women then society will not be able to move on. New ideas would never develop; people would never gain knowledge because knowledge would itself become restricted. Someone needs to stop talking to allow for the silence that precedes anotherÂ’s idea. History shows us that without speaking oneÂ’s mind, no real revolutions would have taken place, that being said, history also shows us how massive panic can sweep nations because of the freedom of speech that was given to the people. A balance between the two is needed. Social responsibility needs to be practiced with the freedom of speech; the two should be taken as a packaged deal and not separately. Works Cited Rousseaus Social ContractRousseaus Discourse on InequalityMills On Liberty

Foreign Aid and US Politics

Foreign Aid and US Politics To Be Or Not To Be Involved In the year 1796, President George Washington gave his speech, the Farewell Address, directing to all fellow American citizens before he resigned from his presidential office concerning the young nation’s future. He warned the Americans to avoid political parties for it may tear the country apart, and to avoid creating permanent alliances and foreign affairs, but rather favor isolationism and temporarily alliances in cases of emergencies. It wasn’t until during the presidency of Woodrow Wilson, World War I occurred that America began to shift away from the ideology of neutrality. Since then until today, the United States rose to become the world’s superpower and serves as the world’s â€Å"police† after the aftermath of World War II and the Cold War, ending the concept of isolationism. With many speculations regarding foreign issues, threats, attacks, helping hands that are not needed and the increase of the deficit spending, many Americans began to wonder whether or not being involved in other countries’ businesses would do more harm than good to the nation. After the World Wars, many Americans believe that the country should cut all ties from any foreign affairs, including aids. A number of people believe that the government is spending too much money on foreign affairs, not realizing that the money being â€Å"wasted† is used to help many undeveloped countries around the world. In 1987, President Ronald Reagan stated in his speech, ‘Remarks at a White House Briefing for the Citizens Network for Foreign Affairs,’ that America is actually spending less than what they supposed to on foreign policies, â€Å"Give away too much money without return? The truth is that now, and historically, weve spent very little on foreign affairs in terms of the overall budget of our government. In the late forties and early fifties, during the time of the Marshall plan, we spent 11 cents of every Federal dollar on foreign affairs. That figure had dropped to 4 cents on the dollar by 20 years ago and has continued to fall until, in recen t years, weve been spending less than 2 cents of each dollar to support our national’s foreign policy.†[1] However, over the years America has changed; America continued to develop and strengthen their economy and defenses as well as helping other unfortunate countries who are in need to the point that America is in a deficit with the national debt of about 17 trillion dollars compared to Reagan’s era which was only 1-2 trillion U.S dollars. President Bill Clinton made effort of lowering the national debt during his presidency, which he did briefly by -2.0%, and the United States was in a surplus for just that moment until George W. Bush came into power in 2001.[2] By having their complete focus on foreign affairs, the U.S has neglected the problems arising among their own people. As of today, thousands of Americans are unemployed and are being forced to continue to live in poverty. Many Americans argued that the billions of dollars the government is sending to foreign countries should be used for creating jobs and prevent poverty from spending throughout the country. Not only are thousands of Americans are living in poverty but also millions of foreigners around the world. Ironically, those billions of dollars the United States government sending is going to the Middle East, the most Anti-Americanized region in the world. [3] Americans questions why does the government even bother helping a country if they don’t want any interference from outsiders regarding their own domestic issues. Although America is trying their best to help as much as they can, half of those billions of dollars are going straight to the rich people’s pockets rather than the poor and receive nothing in return as a result. Foreign aid is supposed to help the lives of poor people who never had the chance to live a better life. For over 40-50 years, there are still children around the world roaming around on the streets to find food and help their parents’ labor; many of those children if not all are illiterate. For 40-50 years of receiving foreign aid, these people’s lives aren’t improving much at all. As William Easterly pointed out, â€Å"The West spent $2.3 trillion and Amaretch is still carrying firewood. It’s a tragedy that so much well-meaning compassion did not bring these results for needy people.† [4] And did the people even receive the full amount of $2.3 trillion of foreign aid? If the people in foreign countries truthfully received only about less than one-fourth of the original amount, what happened to the rest of the trillions of dollars? William Easterly cited that the money gets lost along the way to the World Bank, other agencies, rich people and corru pted politician leaders before the money finally arrives to the lower class citizens. And because the auxiliary countries usually don’t pay attention, they just stop at that, not realizing that the money they have sent to a country like Ethiopia in Africa has come extremely short. â€Å"So with a long chain of officials in charge of the money with no one looking over their shoulder to see how they’re spending it, there’s plenty of ways that it leaks.†[5] Unfortunately, the people who are more benefited with this amount of money are the rich. Isolationist and former U.S Congressman, Ron Paul expresses his foreign policy by stating that â€Å"the country needs to ‘downsize’ its foreign policy.† Despite being a conservative politician, Ron Paul opposes any type of foreign affairs and urges America to cut off foreign aid completely. He disapproves President Barack Obama continuously getting the nation too involved with the affairs which have already leaded to many misconceptions between the foreign countries and the United States. â€Å"’What I really want is [President Barack Obama] to downsize the foreign policy, because if you stay involved in 140 countries . . . stirring up trouble, and you downsize the military, you run into a problem. So, its our intervention that needs downsizing.’†[6] Paul also states that the countries should solve their own domestic policy issues without the United States constant interfering. Even if there’s no intervention among countries, foreign aid creates dependency of countries one another, especially upon the U.S. When President Obama denied Ukraine’s need for military aid in the early 2014, he received many critics of why he didn’t help aid, and why did he not send in troops into Ukraine. His response was â€Å"Why is it that everybody is so eager to use military force after we’ve just gone through a decade of war at enormous costs to our troops and to our budget? And what is it exactly that these critics think would have been accomplished? Do people actually think that somehow we sending some additional arms into Ukraine could potentially deter the Russian army? Or are we more likely to deter them by applying the sort of international pressure, diplomatic pressure and economic pressure that we’re applying?†[7]Obama had used the same tactic when issuing about Syria up until now. During the war in Libya, the Obama Administr ation intervention was poorly devised; the overall purpose of heading into Libya remained unclear. To add on more of the uncertainty of Libya’s affairs, Congress considered Obama’s action a violation against the War Powers of Resolution of 1973.[8] Speaker of the House John Boehner informed the president that the Obama Administration must withdraw.[9] Currently, the United States is involved with Syria’s Civil War since 2011 with Syria’s president Bashar al-Assad has warned against any foreign intervention that will be seen as an act of aggression to the entire country. After the deaths of five ‘Westerners’ in Syria by attempting to give aid to the civilians, especially children, U.S President Barack Obama continues to send in more troops into the foreign country, not only to stop ISIS but also overthrow the Syrian President. [10][11] However, the idea of foreign aid is not corrupt as some people may have interpret, but rather how much does the countries take role in foreign affairs. When a country does not seek aid but to resolve their domestic issues instead on their own, a foreign country such as America should not have the right to interfere. There is no use of one country getting involved in a foreign issue that has nothing to do with them. However, if they continue to get involved without consent, then the foreign country may have become new enemies to the problematic country that is facing its own civil war as long as the issue may impact the entire world. In 1796, U.S President George Washington knew the dangers of being involved in foreign affairs, and although President Ronald Reagan stated that â€Å"We are the leader of the free world. And that is not a role we asked for; its a role that was thrust upon us by history and by the hopes of those who aspire to freedom throughout the world.†[1], so l ong as America continues to engage deeply with foreign affairs that are deemed â€Å"threatening to the entire world of democracy†, America will continue making enemies and their economy will fall due to the large social gaps between the rich and the poor and the troubles the country is facing itself. Despite trying to not get involved with future affairs, many countries are already depending on the United States to resolve their problems such as the Ukraine Crisis. The best solution for America regarding foreign aid is less interference unless the situation is necessary. Cited Sources http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=33589 www.skymachines.com/us-national-debt-per-capita-percent-of-gdp-and-by-presidental-term.htm http://www.rightsidenews.com/2013072832963/us/politics/on-foreign-aid-duncan-stop-giving-money-to-countries-that-hate-us-they-can-hate-us-for-free.html http://www.cato-unbound.org/2006/04/02/william-easterly/why-doesnt-aid-work http://bigthink.com/videos/why-does-foreign-aid-fail http://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/ron-paul-military-cuts-budget/2014/02/24/id/554467/ http://www.politico.com/blogs/under-the-radar/2014/04/obama-fed-up-with-foreign-policy-critics-187581.html http://www.cfr.org/libya/obamas-poorly-conceived-libya-intervention/p24494 http://www.speaker.gov/press-release/speaker-boehner-challenges-president-obama-legal-justification-continued-operations http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/09/syria-islamic-state-201491114243147712.html http://www.globalresearch.ca/us-house-approves-obama-plan-for-military-intervention-in-syria/5402679 The Great Escape: Health, Wealth, and the Origins of Inequality by Angus Deaton http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10054.html Ch.7 Aids and Politics http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s2_10054.pdf

What Factors Affect the Rate of Evaporation of Water?

What Factors Affect the Rate of Evaporation of Water? Hubert Galan and Zafira Smith Introduction: Our testable question for this experiment is what factors affect the rate of evaporation of water. This testable question regards the different factors, such as the temperature surrounding the water being evaporation, the temperature of the water being evaporated, the temperature of the air surrounding the water being evaporated, the humidity of the air surrounding the water being evaporated. In order to test our question we will use a bowl of water and expose the bowl and the water inside of it, which would begin at a temperature of 30 degrees celsius, to many different conditions, such as heat lamps, and fans. In doing so we will exposing our bowl of water and water itself to the variety of different factors that we can assume are capable of affecting the rate of evaporation of our water, and by testing the each of these factors we will be able to determine which ones are actually influential to the rate of evaporation of the water being tested. Evaporation: Evaporation is when water changes form into gas. Evaporation is the main pathway that water moves from the liquid back into the water cycle as water vapor,(The Water Cycle: Evaporation). What this means is that gas or water vapors main way back into the water cycle is through evaporation, which shows the significance of it. More important information on evaporation is that energy is needed for evaporation to occur. The use of energy in evaporation is that energy breaks the bonds that hold water molecules together and which keeps the water in its liquid phase. Which is why water easily evaporates at a high temperature, because there is enough energy or heat needed to break those bonds. Evaporation is arguably the most important part of the water cycle. No evaporation would result in no rain, no rain equals no water for forest which provided the most essential gas for humans, oxygen. Overall without evaporation the effects would be destructive (Water and Global Change). What this shows is how important evaporation is in our world, and that without it we wont survive. For this reason my colleague and I are trying to answer the question what factors affect the rate of evaporation of water. Temperature: Water molecules are always moving, some molecules are hit by other molecules which cause them to gain speed. These molecules hitting each other cause the energy and the temperature to raise. Temperature is the average kinetic energy of the molecules. Slower moving molecules have a lower temperature(colder) while faster moving molecules have a higher temperature (hotter). The increasing temperature causes the water molecule bonds to break, which causes water molecules to turn into gas. The breaking of bonds of molecules is evaporation, it involves a change of state, from liquid to gas. The higher the temperature, the higher the rate of evaporation. When the temperature of water increases the water molecules gain more energy. When the water molecules temperature rises the water molecules start to move faster and thus evaporate faster. Basically the higher the temperature the higher the rate of evaporation (Factors Affecting the Rate of Evaporation). This is the most notable factor that affects rates of evaporation. The way we will test this is by having two bowls of water. One bowl will be exposed to normal conditions, while the other bowl will be exposed to a heat lamp. After twenty-four hours we will compare the mass of both bowls, and see if they change. After this we will conclude based on the data we received. Wind: Wind is the natural movement of air in any given direction. In order to test the effect of wind on the rate of evaporation of the bowl of water in our experiment we will use a fan and turn it onto the bowl of water being used. When evaporation occurs the water vapor from our bowl will be sitting just above the surface of the water in our bowl that has not yet been evaporated. When wind is added to the environment in which a body of water is in, the molecules of water vapor are rapidly moved from their resting position above the surface of the remaining water to the direction which the wind is facing. This rapid removal of molecules allows for rapid evaporation to occur because there is an increased amount space on the surface area of the remaining water which allow the water molecules to evaporate up. (How Does Wind Affect Evaporation?) This also means that with an increased speed of wind there will be an increased rate of evaporation, as the molecules sitting on the surface of a bod y of water will be removed and replaced and a quicker rate. Humidity: Humidity is that amount of water vapor in the surrounding atmosphere of a body of water, in our case the cup being used in our experiment. In order to test the effect that humidity has on water vapor in our experiment, we will put a lid over the the bowl of water we will be using for testing. Evaporation in an airtight container increases the amount of water vapor that is present in the air above the water in said container. When the amount of water vapor in the air above our water increases, there is more humidity because humidity is the amount of water in the surrounding atmosphere in a body of water. When humidity is high in the air, it is harder for water to evaporate, because the air is filled with water vapor. The air can not absorb an unlimited amount of water molecules, meaning that there will be a slower rate of evaporation. If the space that is located above the water becomes filled with water vapor, then a condensations happens to cause a balance. (Factors Affecting the Ra te of Evaporation). Condensation which is the opposite process of evaporation, is when water vapor converts to liquid, meaning that the evaporation taking place in our experiment would be countered by the condensation already occurring to the vapor within our closed cup of water. Hypothesis: If wind affects the rate of evaporation then our water will evaporate faster because wind increases the evaporation rate of water through removing the water vapor particles that will be resting above the rest of our remaining water( that has not yet been evaporated), making room for new molecules to rest in the same place. If humidity affects the rate of evaporation then our water will evaporate slower because when humidity is high, it becomes more difficult for water vapor molecules to enter their atmosphere, therefore leaving no space for more molecules and slowing the rate of evaporation of water. If temperature affects the rate of evaporation then our water will evaporate faster because when waters temperature is increased the water molecules gain more energy, which causes the molecules to move faster, break bonds faster and thus evaporate faster.*we have three hypothesis because we are trying to accurately test our questions with multiple factors in order to answer our testable question Work Cited The Water Cycle: Evaporation. Evaporation, The Water Cycle, from USGS Water-Science School. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2016. Factors Affecting the Rate of Evaporation. Factors Affecting the Rate of Evaporation. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2016. How Does Wind Affect Evaporation? Bright Hub. N.p., 18 Mar. 2011. Web. 17 Nov. 2016. Intermediate-Level Science Projects. Intermediate-Level Science Projects: What Factors Most Affect Evaporation? N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2016. Water and Global Change. RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2016.

War Theories :: The Godfather Mafia The Good Fellows Essays

War Theories â€Å"War does not justify death!† Being raised in a Catholic and Republican family, I learned there was a right and wrong times to make this kind of statement at the dinner table. I was patted on the back for not supporting the death penalty because of my faith, an example of saying the right thing at the right time. However, I was also told that the reasoning America was at war was in order to stand for freedom and support the President’s decision. Stating that war does not justify death at this time would be a very wrong idea. Thus from a young age I learned how certain circumstances can permit one to safely state that death in war is justifiable. Today as an American citizen living in the War on Terror I am faced to battle these two ideas; death not justifying death vs. death in war being completely justifiable. Through this class, I have learned one statement does not work in all circumstances. War and its causes can be evaluated through four different theor ies; political realism, democratic peace theory, revolution and war, and regime change in democracies. All four theories define circumstances that justify death and circumstances in which death is not justifiable. There are many people whose professional job is to kill, such as soldiers and assassins. The most interesting aspect of these professions are that they are chosen, and further more many soldiers operate under the religious belief set that they will go to heaven regardless if they took another human’s life. The justification for many military professionals, such as the America military, is that they follow a strict code of ethics that defines rules for engagement and conduct. These sets of rules is used under the justification that it maintains stability and preserves human life. Even though the majority of prevalent religions follow a doctrine that condones violence and murder, military professionals’ belief under these established set of rules that they must kill or be killed. Military professionals also hold the belief that they are honored service men, not murders or criminals. Murders kill in greed or for the satisfaction of taking another human’s life, l icit killing. The honored service men engage in violence and killing acting under the responsibility of defending democracy. The real killing is not justifiable is random or murder for kicks down by murders and bad guys, illicit killing.

Business :: essays research papers

Businessman. Before World War I, Truman had lost money in mining and oil investments. In 1919, he and his friend Eddie Jacobson invested their savings in a men's clothing store in Kansas City. They worked hard, keeping the store open from 8 a.m. to 9 p.m., but the business failed during the severe recession that began in 1921. Truman worked about 15 years to pay the store debts. Political career Discouraged by the failure of the store, Truman decided to seek a career in politics. He received help from "Big Tom" Pendergast, the Democratic Party boss of Kansas City. Pendergast's nephew had known and admired Truman in the Army. Pendergast led one of the strongest political machines in the United States. He decided that Truman could win votes because of his farm background, his war record, and his friendly personality. County judge. Pendergast supported Truman in his campaign for election as county judge of Jackson County. This post in Missouri resembled that of county commissioner in other states. Truman won the election, and served from 1922 to 1924. He lost the 1924 election because of a split in local Democratic forces. Truman attended the Kansas City School of Law during the mid-1920's, but did not obtain a degree. He served as presiding county judge from 1926 to 1934. The Pendergast machine was notoriously dishonest, but Truman won a reputation for honesty and efficiency. He supervised new projects financed by $14 million in tax funds and bond issues. U.S. senator. In 1934, again with Pendergast's support, Truman was elected to the United States Senate. As a member of the Senate Interstate Commerce Committee, Truman directed an investigation of railroad finances. His staff found damaging evidence about many of Truman's friends in Missouri, but he ordered the investigation completed. A major result was the Transportation Act of 1940, which regulated railroad financing. Also during this time, a government study of the Pendergast political machine disclosed vote frauds and shady financial dealings. Pendergast pleaded guilty to income tax evasion, and he and many of his followers were sent to prison. The scandals did not touch Truman, but he refused to disclaim Pendergast. In 1940, Truman won reelection to the Senate. The Truman Committee. In 1940, although the United States was not formally involved in World War II, the nation's defense spending rose to huge sums. Truman realized that the defense effort created many opportunities for waste and corruption.

Mental Health as Social Problem Essay

Mental illness can be a social problem because there are a lot of mental illnesses that affect how you socialize with the world. For instance, anxiety / panic disorders affect your ability to communicate with the world. Social anxiety disorder equals social phobia. With social anxiety disorder, you find it hard if not impossible to talk to anyone. Typically a person with social anxiety disorder will sit by themselves, withdrawn from society due to their phobia of it. A person with severe depression could be affected socially as well. A depressed person will typically be withdrawn and won’t open up about his/her feelings. They are not likely to be happy, social, or cheerful. They tend to be downers and social loners. If a person is depressed, usually family and friends might be able to pick up on it. Depressive people are also prone to suicide. Suicide is obviously a huge social problem as suicide is one of the highest killers in the world today. The high profile news stories that hit the tabloids about mothers who kill their kids due to post-partum depression or some other mental illness are defiantly a social problem. The Columbine, the Virginia Tech shooting, Heritage High School, etc. people involved in the school shootings had mental illnesses of some sort. The guy responsible for the Virginia Tech shooting had antisocial personality disorder; the child responsible for Heritage High School was depressed, etc. A lot of the school shootings were caused by people that massacred, and then killed themselves all of these people had some kind of mental illness. The families of people with mental illnesses are also affected. There are therapy sessions directed towards the whole family that are designed to help the family cope with a family member’s mental illnesses. Read more:Â  Social Problems Essay I watched a show on TV, the episode dealt with two families whose daughters were diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. The episode talked about the sacrifices that the parents of the family had to make to take care of their mentally ill children. The family members of people with mental illnesses try to work with the mentally ill to see how they are doing, to help them cope with life, to manage medicines, and to even provide some at home therapy. Mental illness is very much a social problem when you consider the consequences when mental illness is ignored. Mental illness does not only affect the person who is diagnosed of it but anyone and everyone that he/she is connected to. The families of people with mental health problems tend to find it difficult also with the Care in the Community Act (CCA) in place, where people with mental health problems stay in their own homes and are visited every week by a Community Psychiatric Nurse. The CCA was put in place by the Thatcher government, and as a result nearly all of the big psychiatric hospitals were torn down and all that remains now are small clinics with fewer beds mainly used for people with severe mental health problems. The patients that used to be cared for in hospitals are now being cared for in the community. In a lot of cases this is not helpful for the patient or the community as sometimes their needs are not met fully. Not everybody in communities is sympathetic to people with mental health problems and this can also have a detrimental effect on the person with the problems. Understanding of mental health from the general public is a bit better than it used to be, but there is still a long way to go. A lot of people think that Thatcher’s idea for Care in the Community was just a way to cut beds and save money rather than caring about the patient’s welfare. Also employment is hard to find for anyone.

Analysis: “How much Land does a Man need” by Leo Tolstoy Essay

As Humans, we have desires that make us take possession on something more than what we have to benefit us. In this short story, Leo Tolstoy delivers the message that greed, in the end brings us nothing but death itself. This story tells us that even if we have enough that we can get by the odds of becoming wealthier is so seductive to us that we are ready to loose everything we love. Tolstoy starts his story with two women and their argument in whose life is better. Is is a life with or without ownership? As they continue, the owner of the house, Pahom, joins and agrees that life without possessions is better hence the fact that they will have no temptations towards wealth and not fear the devil. In this story, devil is greed. But he, himself thinks about having land of his own so he wouldn’t fear the devil. From the beginning, Pahom is a hardworking man, but he makes the mistake in thinking that more land would give him a better life. He says it himself: â€Å"If I had plenty of land, I shouldn’t fear the devil himself!† When he gets the shot at buying his own land, he jumps into the chance with the mentally prepared mind that will be happy with more land. Even if he had a lot or fertile land to grow crops on and not pay fines for his animals, he was not satisfied. â€Å"Pahom was well-content and everything would have been right if the nei ghboring peasants would not have trespassed on his cornfields and meadows†, so even if had more than enough land, he looked up fo more land. This reflects the characters greed. Pahom would be fine and happy with the extended land but the human instincts made him get greedier and greedier as time went by. As the story progresses, Pahom’s behavior reflects the message that greed has no line. As Pahom’s land expanded, he got into many riots with his neighbors which led him to move to different and larger land. Whenever he got into riots like this with his new neighbors, he moves into new land to satisfy himself; reflecting the greed in him growing. Once, a tradesman passing by told him about a lot of land sold for less money. â€Å"If I take it out there, I can get more than ten times as much for the money† so, he abandoned everything that he worked so hard on and left for inspection on that land. The land was obviously just the way the tradesman described. His greed just got out of control and it took over him. He was exhausted walking all day and he tried making it back to his meeting place before the day was over. But, due to his weak body, he was defeated, and made one last battle wondering, â€Å"there is plenty of land but, will God let me live on it†. He had taken this journey too much and died in the process. Throughout this story, Tolstoy was trying to tell us that human nature pushes us for more than what we need. Many of us think that having ownership makes us happy, in fact it does, but we need to understand that once the process starts, there is no end until the death. That was Tolstoy was reflecting, in the end all he needed was a piece of land.

Banner advertising on the internet

The growth of cyberspace and the internet has not only created a new marketplace for vendors of all sorts where they can sell their items but has also created another area where advertising agencies can market goods.   Cyberspace is an infinite space and for advertisers, this provides infinite â€Å"advertising space† as well.   The only constraints on any person seeking to advertise on the internet are money and well, literally, page space (although some argue that a single page can be expanded into Herculean proportions. Banner advertisements are currently one of the most dominant forms of advertising online.   While banner advertisements were a very effective and useful advertising tool when it first started out due to the high click-through rate (CTR) which was the basis for banner advertisements, these banner advertisements have experienced a decline in popularity because of the loss of its novelty and because of other forms of internet advertising.   This has resulted in the decrease in the banner rates that websites and advertisers charge. It is this decrease in the cost of utilizing banner advertisements which has prompted this study on the effectiveness of banner advertising on the internet.   Before discussing the effectiveness of banners, a brief discussion on the pros and cons of banner advertising is necessary to be able to proper analyze its effectiveness cost-wise and also the market range that it is able to target and the demographics of the captured market. The greatest criticisms against banner advertising arise from the fact that there is no accurate way to measure the effectiveness of the banners in measuring the actual impact on the market or on the web page visitors.   There has been no study which has sufficiently shown the relationship between the advertising exposure and the actual purchasing in relation to the banner advertisements. While there have been proposals to use exposure based metrics or â€Å"impressions†, â€Å"difficulties in measuring online impressions precisely have caused much dissatisfaction among managers, resulting in a reluctance to commit funds to banner advertising (Hoffman and Novak 2000). â€Å"   The current method being employed is the â€Å"click through† method but this has also been discounted as ineffectual because â€Å"click through† merely measures the number of visits one makes and does not really reflect the proportion of visits which translate into final purchases. Another negative aspect of banner advertising is the recent â€Å"banner blindness† which is a usability phenomenon in which a website visitor completely overlooks and ignores any banner styled information (Benway and Lane 1998).   While there are studies to support the fact that this has been caused by the over exposure of website visitors to banners during its peak and thus the unconscious reaction to completely ignore them, this can also be caused by differences between connection speeds and overloaded servers that fail to load the graphics on websites properly. These two aspects are the main arguments against the effectiveness of banner advertising on the internet.   Now that the negative side of this argument has been considered, it is now important to asses the other aspect which are the positive arguments for banner advertising. The positive arguments for banner advertising fall mainly under two categories: cost-effectiveness and access to a larger consumer base.   The cost-effectiveness of banner advertising is based on the recent decrease in the cost of launching a banner campaign on the internet.   Banner advertising presents a relatively acceptable return on investments given the below-average ad rates and above-average response rates of website viewers. Because the internet has huge potential for building customer relationships, measurability and speed, the proposition of paying an adequate fee in return for a great potential benefit and increase in market visibility and profitability means that banner campaigns on the internet present a viable alternative for any company looking to cut down on costs while not necessarily resulting to losses in profit margins. The last factor that must be considered is the overall effectiveness of banners in reaching markets and creating awareness for the particular product or brand that is being advertised.   Recent studies have shown that the more interactivity that is created by the banners, the higher the â€Å"click-through† rates and the deeper the involvement consumers will have with the brand.   Cryptic messages have also been shown to increase click-through by 18% while offering of free goods or services improves click-through significantly.   What these figures and studies show is that banner advertising can be an effective means (cost and market reach) of conducting a successful marketing campaign. In conclusion, while it remains true that there is no efficient method by which to accurately correlate the number of visits or â€Å"click throughs† that a website visitor may have to the increase in sales or market exposure of a certain product, the recent decrease in costs of implementing a banner ad campaign on the internet definitely make it a very interesting alternative to consider.   It must be remembered that there are other methods by which to increase the visibility and appeal of banners to conform to the tastes of website viewers despite the emergence of the â€Å"banner blindness† phenomenon. Given the relatively low cost of launching a banner campaign on the internet, the wide consumer market base that becomes accessible through such medium and the potential benefits of a successful banner campaign, it is therefore highly advisable for any company to engage in banner advertising. References: Benway, P. and Lane, D. â€Å"Banner Blindness: Web Searchers Often Miss Obvious Links,†1998 Hoffman, D. and T. Novak (2000), â€Å"When Exposure-Based Advertising Stops Making Sense (and What CDNOW Did about It),† working paper, Owen Graduate School of Management, Vanderbilt University.   

Nanotechnology: newest technological wonder

Current researches are optimistic on the potentials of nanotechnology as the latest technological wonders with both environmental soundness and promise for health applications. Its advent has created promising application in various areas of human endeavors. It has made impression in the areas of novel foods, medical devices, chemical coatings, personal health testing kits, sensors for security systems, water purification units for manned space craft, displays for hand-held computer games, and high-resolution cinema screens (European Commission 2008). Recent discoveries point to the application of these minute biological machines in health and genetics. Seferos, D. S., Giljohann, D.A., Hill, H. D., Prigodich, A. E. and. Mirkin, C. A. (2007) use nano-flares in their research to study the structures of RNA in living cells. The nano-flares, made of oligonucleotide-functionalized nanoparticle conjugates, are designed to provide an intracellular fluorescence signal that correlates with the relative amount of a specific intracellular RNA (Seferos et al. 2007). Nano-flares would become the newest class of intracellular probe and can make possible applications as cellular transfection, enzymatic protection, RNA detection and quantification, cell sorting, gene profiling, and real-time drug validation studies, and as gene regulation agents. This particular technology application is an illustration of how versatile the nanotechnology is. The relative advantage is that it penetrates into areas where conventional technologies cannot. While we agree that you only have to spend millions marketing something if its worth is in doubt, we see the promise of nanotechnology as revolutionizing. Investment in these area maybe huge initially but as the advantage of its effects is felt, more industries would be expected to adopt the technology and more people would benefit from it. References European Commission. (2008). Nanotechnology application areas. Retrieved February 15, 2008 Industrial Technology Research Institute. (2008, January 18). Application of nanotechnology in traditional industry. Retrieved February 15, 2008 Meadows, D. (1999, August 26). Seven-Plus Wonders of Sustainability. Retrieved February 15, 2008, from http://www.pcdf.org/meadows/7wonders.html Seferos, D. S., Giljohann, D.A., Hill, H. D., Prigodich, A. E. and. Mirkin, C. A. (2007). Nano-Flares: Probes for Transfection and mRNA Detection in Living Cells. Journal of American Chemical Society, 129.50, 15477-15479. Retrieved February 15, 2008, from http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/sample.cgi/jacsat/2007/129/i50/pdf/ja0776529.pdf   

Learning disabilities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Learning disabilities - Essay Example The fundamental characteristics of students with learning disability are usually a lack in reading and written language comprehension. Lack these skills causes as inability to know and understand how the phonemes or speech sounds (omission, insertions, and revels) make a difference. An inability to decode unfamiliar words, poor comprehension and retention, and difficulty identify important themes is created. Also, difficulties in written language and performance usually occur in the areas of handwriting, spelling, productively, text structure, sentence structure, and inability to copy correctly from book or the blackboard. In addition, these students have difficulties with math performance, due to poor visual perception, memory, copying problems incorrectly from one line to anther, difficulty recalling the sequence of operational processes, difficulties comprehending word problems, and reasoning deficit. Students with learning disabilities have difficulties in time management, and ar e slow to start and complete tasks. There is a repeated, day-to-day inability to recall what has been taught, as well as difficulty following oral and writing directions. The lack of overall organization in written notes and composition, demonstrate short attention span during lectures, and significantly decreases the chance of the student performing well. Students with learning disability may have weaknesses in specific social skills. They tend to use less socially acceptable behaviors in certain situations, and perform verbal and nonverbal skills at a significantly lower level than their peers. They also exhibit inappropriate behaviors at higher levels than their peers, and misinterpret social cues. Much of the time, they are unable to predict consequences for their behavior. During a learning disability stimulation in the classroom, the instructor

How the marriage changed in my culture due to the discovery of oil Essay

How the marriage changed in my culture due to the discovery of oil - Essay Example However, before marrying, he had to find a new residence where he could move with his wife. Looking for a new residence was never an issue 20 years ago when my father got married. My father lived with his parents even after marriage until his family got bigger. The family only moved to a new place more than five years later because my father’s large family could not be accommodated further. Illustration given shows how our culture transformed from a patrilocality residence to neo-locality residence in the Emirates culture. Economic reasons caused the change in the residence in the UAE. Economic soundness in the Emirates culture enabled newly married couples to live independently. Unlike olden days when the UAE culture encouraged traditional businesses such as fishing and livestock farming that were held as family businesses, most of the modern families are currently employed in the oil industry. Traditionally, an extended family could own a particular business collectively but discovery of oil in the region led to foreign labor that saw everyone going for independent job. Family members no longer remained with their families because they would move freely to seek greener pastures without worrying about family business. In a nutshell, oil discovery led to economic growth that eventually provided labor to many young people who no longer cared about their family businesses. Married couples can now move to their chosen areas of residence because funds are available to sustain them. UAE’s oil discovery has seen family status changing from an extended to a nuclear

Agency theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Agency theory - Essay Example At this stage, agency theory is superseded by what is called stakeholder theory. The same not having been clearly defined, modern scholars advocate the theory called â€Å"enlightened stakeholder theory† which seeks to remove the shortcomings in the traditional stakeholder theory so that managers who could take shelter under the traditional stakeholder theory and avoid accountability, are now compelled to show performance for value maximisation in the long run. This is sought to be achieved by active participation of agents/managers through proper motivation and communication with a scorecard on hand. Thus the enlightened theory would go a long way in plugging the loopholes in the corporate governance occurring in spite legislations like Cadbury report, Greenbury report in the U.K. and SOX Act in the U.S.A. Corporate Governance is a much-discussed issue of public importance, of late. One aspect of the issue is the corporate ownership and control which this proposal deals with. In the discussion here, the word ‘corporate’ is loosely described as firm, company, corporation etc, which all refer to public-owned companies listed in stock exchanges. Share-holder activism all over the global corporate environment has given rise to the study of corporate ownership and control and their impact on the performance of the corporates. By 1990 Corporate Governance had become a household name in the United States of America when a California based pension fund company â€Å"California Public Employees Retirement System’’ (CalPERS) that had invested members’ funds in the shares of leading companies, pioneered by questioning those listed companies’ practice of buying back shares from the share holders at higher prices which meant draining of companies’ c apital and in turn reduction in value of shares held by them. This was soon followed suit by many contemporary companies representing widely dispersed shareholders around the world

Function of Government in UAE Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Function of Government in UAE Economy - Essay Example Since then, UAE has witnessed great transformation into a modern state economy with high quality of life for its citizens (Mankiw, 2011, p. 651). There are no doubts in the fact that much of the credit for the same goes to the government and the policymakers who undertook such policy actions and steps to facilitate growth, employment, trade and investment (Ghareeb & Abed, 2010, p. 36). Almost 8 percent of the proven oil reserves of the world are under the control of UAE making it the sixth largest oil rich country in the world (Sayan, 2009, p. 135). They used the wealth earned from oil exports to build a more diversified and sustainable economic structure for their citizens and spent excessively on their development of country’s human resource. This is one of the reasons that when political insurgency and waves of revolution were spreading all over the Middle Eastern region and Arab World, UAE remained relatively very stable (Rostin, 2011, p. 55). This paper is an attempt to e xplore the various economic policies that the UAE government has employed in the past, present, near future in order to create employment, boost GDP, investment, and growth, tackle inflation, and manage international trade. Discussion According to the figures from the year 2010, the population of UAE was just over 8.2 million people and only 15-20 percent of these people were UAE nationals of Emiratis and the rest being foreigners from different parts of the world. In fact, the country has the highest net migration rate in the world of over 23. Furthermore, it is expected by the end of the year 2020, Emiratis will only make up 10 percent of the total population of UAE (Rostin, 2011, p. 55). This decreasing proportion of locals and natives in the country has forced the policymakers to create an Emiratisation program the focus on which remains to employ UAE nationals in an efficient and meaningful manner in private and public sector (Devlin, 2010, p. 25). This is important because alt hough the presence of talented and skilful emigrants is boosting the GDP of the country and the foreign direct investment in increasing employment opportunities but the wealth generated by these people usually go to their home countries in form of remittances and very little of the same is spent within the country (Campbell, 2005, p. 36). Furthermore, the nationals of the country are usually less educated, less trained, and skilful thus making it troublesome for the employers to provide them with work, which explains why they only make up 0.5 percent of the total employment force in the private sector (Sayan, 2009, p. 135; Mallakh, 2009, pp. 250-252). In order to solve this program, the government has enforced rules for corporations and companies to employ a certain percentage of UAE nationals. Moreover, the spending on the government on education and employee training is also increasing so that more and more Emiratis could take up jobs on merit in the future and the country could g ather a pool of business leaders for tomorrow (Gorgenlander, 2011, p. 205; Rostin, 2011, p. 55). Another important step taken by the authorities of UAE to facilitate investment, which would in turn create employment and boost GDP, was the creation of free trade zones. The country has over 20 free trade zones, Dubai Media City, Abu Dhabi Airport Free Zone, Dubai International Financial Centre, Dubai Car and Automotive City Free Zone and Khalifa Port and Industrial Zone

The person who taught me a lot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The person who taught me a lot - Essay Example Responsibility to oneself and the environment ensures that one sustainably utilizes the available resources. Responsibility entails being wary of one’s roles and responsibilities and undertaking them to the expected levels. In whatever capacity one operates, there would be tasks that would be expected of such a person to undertake. Most of the times, there would be standards against which the execution of such tasks and observation of the given responsibilities would be benchmarked. At least attaining the set standards gives one acclamation from those directly impacted or even from oneself. Of importance to note here is the fact that being responsible saves one the cost of having to correct the negative impact of not observing such responsibilities. This, I learnt, is one way of saving resources in life. For example, if five pens are to take me through an academic year successfully, responsible use of these pens would see me complete the year successfully with the provision fo r any loses being my savings for the year. Savings mark the beginning of entrepreneurship according to my brother. It was through his personal savings that he got a considerable portion of his initial capital injection into the consultancy business. Thus, responsibility ensures proper utilization of the available resources. Another important lesson learnt is that informed career choices open one up to tap into the available opportunities. From the interview, I appreciated that a majority of us choose careers because of the life we see professionals in various fields live or because of the way the media depicts these careers. This is a misleading approach to making career choices since what we see could not necessarily be what it appears to be. To appropriately choose a career, it would be important to note down the activities that interest one in life. These activities would point towards the duties of specific careers. From these specific careers, it would be important to conduct r esearch from credible sources including occupational outlook handbooks from the relevant government agencies. These sources give information on the requirements of the selected careers, the roles involved and even the salary ranges. With this information, one would understand what subjects to major in and even what different opportunities would be available for the various educational levels. Furthermore, it gives information on related careers which could be more satisfactory than the initially prospected career. Finally, having established in life, transformational leadership plays a critical role in motivating the performance of followers. My elder brother referred to the argument by Bass and Riggio (127) on transformational leadership causing a strong employee connection to an organization. Steve Jobs, the founder of the famous Apple Inc., provides an appropriate example of a transformational leader. Apple became a global brand in information and communication technology because Jobs made the vision of the organization known to the employees and involved the employees in the company’s decision making. This made employees connect to the vision that Jobs had for Apple, hence making the organization post the tremendous success it has over years. In a similar manner, the organizations that I would lead, no matter how small, would require

Legislative Issues Paper-reimbursement for Nurse Practitioners Research Paper

Legislative Issues -reimbursement for Nurse Practitioners - Research Paper Example According to Frakes and Evans (2006), in 2003, the federal government spent 13% of its budget on Medicare services. This means that the federal government spent as much as $271 billion on providing health care services to the needy citizens (Frakes and Evans, 2006). As a result of the increasing allocation on health care programs and policies, the federal government has put significant interest in managing and controlling its costs on implementing these health care programs. In doing so, the federal government has used the legislation to control health care costs by creating a regulatory structure that will regulate resultant costs and prevent fraud within the health industry (Frakes and Evans, 2006). Because of these regulatory policies and programs, health care providers in both patient care and practice are affected (Frakes and Evans, 2006). Of the health care providers that are very much affected of the regulatory efforts set by the federal government, the advanced practice nurse s (APN) are among them. Nurse practitioners (NPs) and clinical nurse specialists (CNSs) make up APNs (Frakes and Evans, 2006). According to (Hamric, Spross, and Hanson, 2009), the roles of APNs include nurse practitioners (NPs), certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs), clinical nurse specialists (CNSs), and ), certified nurse-midwives (CNMs). ... uently, health providers such as physicians and registered nurses are reimbursed under the Current Procedural Terminology system which is created by the American Medical Association (Frakes and Evans, 2006). In this system, which was developed in 1966, reimbursements for a service are determined through the individual provider’s relative value scale (Frakes and Evans, 2006). Subsequently, the value scale, according to Richmond, Thompson, & Sullivan-Marx (2000), is thereby established based on the professional liability insurance cost, practice expense, and work done of the provider, and then multiplied by a geographic expense adjustment modifier. Incidentally, under the reimbursement system, APNs can receive reimbursements from the government’s Medicare and Medicaid programs, commercial insurers, self-insured institutions, and managed care organizations for the services they provide (Frakes and Evans, 2006). With the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Acts of 1989 and 1990, APNs are able to receive reimbursements; however, Richmond, Thompson, & Sullivan-Marx (2000) maintain that the limitation of this Act is that reimbursements are confined to those who practice inside skilled nursing facilities and rural areas. Another restriction to the reimbursement rights of APNs is that APNS can reimburse only for services billed as â€Å"incident to† a physician’s care but requires that the APN be employed or contracted with the physician (Frakes and Evans, 2006). Through this set-up, physicians enjoy reimbursements at 100% of their rates. Clearly, the disparity between APNs and physicians is manifested through these reimbursement policies. In a study of Ruchlin, Levey, and Muller (1975), they define the function of reimbursement programs. In their study, they utilize the

Corporation Fraud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Corporation Fraud - Essay Example MF Global and its parent holding company (MFGH) were forced by federal regulators to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protections on October 31, 2011 (Bunge 3). Within the span of less than a week one of Wall Street’s pinnacle trading firms was reduced to heap of broken promises and over one billion dollars in missing investor and client assets. After the MF Global bankruptcy was filed, investigators from the Securities and Exchange Commission discovered that a subsidiary of MF Global, MFGI, had improperly â€Å"booked† commodity trading transactions that exceeded the margin capability of MF Global to repay (Arends 14). The nature of this and how it was orchestrated and hidden by MFGI and MF Global executives is the focus of this paper. MF Global was in the business of facilitating futures trading (USCHC on Financial Services 81). If a customer opened a position on a commodity, MF Global was required to post the margin required to hold that position on the contract exchan ge. For the most part, the amount of margin required was determined using a standardized algorithm called the Standard Portfolio Analysis of Risk (SPAN) (USCHC on Financial Services 102). ... In reality, the under currents that ripped the foundation from under MF Global were caused by a loop hole in accounting practices that allowed MF Global executives â€Å"to book† assets on both sides of the commodity and securities ledger (Orol 2). MF Global executives at some point in 2010 began co-mingling assets from the securities side into the commodity operation to cover massive short position losses on European bonds (Arends 9). The Chief Executive Officer at MF Global during the crisis was a former Governor and Senator from the state of New Jersey, John S. Corzine. John Corzine was first appointed as Chief Executive Officer (CEO) in 2010 by the MF Global Board of Directors (Bunge 9). Corzine envisioned turning MF Global into a dominant Investment Bank on Wall Street and embarked on an ‘aggressive†(Weidner 2) and risky management plan (Sandler 2). Less than eighteen months later the contrived plans of Jon Corzine to alter and reshape the much respected MF Gl obal began to unravel. Through the SIPA process and the unwinding of MF Global commodity positions, it has been revealed that the shortfall in customer assets had two basic causes. MF Global by using a loophole in their â€Å"audited and regulated† (Orol 4). Accounting regimen had been depositing and moving customer segregated funds and securities through MF Global general accounts that were operated by company commodity traders and executives. The funds which were being transferred between â€Å"off-shore and domestic banks in the United States† were in the process deposited through MF Global corporate account’s (Orol 3). Customer money was re-routed by MF Global to â€Å"artificially inflate the companies deposit

Arab Isreal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Arab Isreal - Essay Example The roots of the conflict can be traced back to the late 19th century in which there was a rise in national movements, including Arab and Zionism nationalism. Zionism, a Jewish national movement, was seeking sanctuary when they sought to establish a Jewish State in Palestine (Seger, Tom, pp26). The mandate for Palestine was a historical League of Nations document. It contained the Jewish legal right of settling anywhere in western Palestine between the Mediterranean Sea and Jordan river. Palestine became a trouble spot of competing territorial claims and also political interest by the early years of the twentieth century. While World War one was underway the British high commissioner, Sir Henry of Egypt corresponded secretly with the patriarch of Hashemite family and governor of Mecca and Medina. He convinced them to lead an Arab revolt against the empire of Ottoman aligned with Germany against Britain and France with the promise of the establishment of an independent Arab state (Price, Randal, pp20). In 1921 the British divided Jordan into two: the Emirates of Transjordan and the Palestine Mandate. Arabs were angered by Britain’s failure to fulfill the creation of an independent Arab state. The situation was most complicated in Palestine because of the promise to support the creation of a Jewish national home by the British. The Palestine Arabs opposed the British Mandatory because it threatened their aspiration for self-rule. Moreover, the massive immigration of the Jews threatened their position in their country. Clashes broke out between the Arabs and the Jews in 1920 and 1921 whereby roughly equal numbers from the two communities got killed. The Jewish National Fund purchased large portions of land from the absentee Arab landowners leading to their eviction. The displacements led to increasing tensions and violence between the Arab peasant tenants and Jewish settlers (Haiduc-Dale, pp34). According to the

Reconstruction Era of the United States Essay Example for Free

Reconstruction Era of the United States Essay By 1865, the Civil War ended with a victory for the Union over the secessionist southern states. But with every conclusion comes new beginnings, thus the start of a new chapter American History: The Reconstruction. 1865 through 1877 was known as the period of Reconstruction. During this time the Confederate States were reintegrated into the Union. Before the Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his forces to the Union General, Ulysses Grant on April 9th, 1865 which actually ended the war, controversy raged throughout Congress and country concerning the terms under which the secessionist states would be allowed back into the Union. One prevalent concern was what role the federal government would play in the shaping of the political, economical, and social fabrics of the south. Desegregating roughly 4 million recently freed slaves into life in the new south was a controversial issue. The issue of slavery is actually what caused the secession of the southern states in 1860 and 1861. This dispute is what led to the start of the civil war. The war had left the south dramatically altered. The newly freed slaves struggled to survive in this new economy all while trying to coincide with an often acrimonious and resentful white population. The nation was left bitterly divided. President Abraham Lincoln believed that the South had already been drastically punished. He favored the lenient approach of Reconstruction. Lincoln issued the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction; which in turn created the ten percent plan. Lincoln believed that the sooner the nation healed and moved forward, the better off everyone would be. The plan called for pardons to any Confederate who had not held civil office and would swear to support the Constitution and the Union. The states would be readmitted to the union once ten percent of their population took oath. Despite Lincoln did not adequately address how the newly freed slaves were to be accepted into Southern society. The Democrats and Republicans tended to favor more lenient policies for the south. A fraction of the Republican Party known as the ‘Radical Republicans’ pushed for harder programs that would punish the south and ensure that the newly freed black slaves would have total equality with the whites. These Radicals passed the Wade-Davis Bill in 1864 that said states could be readmitted to the union only after 50 percent of voters took an oath; however, President Lincoln quickly vetoed this bill. The Freedmen’s Bureau was then created; this helped distribute food, supplies, and land to the freed slaves. On April 14, 1865, President Lincoln was famously shot in Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. by a Confederate sympathizer, John Wilkes Boothe. He passed the following morning. His successor, Vice President Andrew Johnson was a very outspoken opponent of the rich slaveholders in the South. As a Southern Senator, he had refused to join the Confederacy. He preferred to preserve the Union. Johnson said he planned to carry out Lincolns Reconstruction Policies, although he believed that the South should be punished for its role in the war. Johnson was welcomed by the Radical Republicans initially; they believed he would pursue harsher policies than his preceptor, Lincoln. However, once in office, Johnson adopted a more lenient policy than expected. He pardoned many Confederate leaders. He allowed commanding former Confederates to keep their land and official posts. He argued that it was the responsibility of the states to set policies dealing which rights would be denied to blacks. These were known as the ‘Black Codes’. They were enacted in the south and severely limited the rights of the freedmen. Johnson’s plan or the â€Å"Presidential Reconstruction† was counted by the Radical Republicans in Congress. The Reconstruction policies became known as the Radical Reconstruction. The Radical Republicans argued that the main goal of Reconstruction should be to secure the same rights as white citizens for the newly freed slaves. They were enacted in the south and severely limited the rights of the freedmen. The advocates of the Radical Reconstruction included mostly Rapidly Reconstruction. He proposed a more lenient program of Reconstruction. This stemmed from his desires to heal the wounds of the war as quickly as possible. He wanted to put an end to the animosity between the North and South. Under this plan, the federal government was to appoint governors to head secessionist states. He offered executive pardons to all southerners minus the high ranking Confederate officials. Johnson’s decisions guaranteed that blacks would be forced to struggle to gain equality with the Southern Whites. Being he did not enforce any government control of the southern lands, not much changed in terms of the treatment of the African Americans. As these conditions continued to fail at improvement for blacks, the moderates were more inclined to agree with the Radical Republicans. The Congress in its new session and with its Republican majority, a stricter version of Reconstitution was passed. In 1867 The First Reconstruction Act was put into place; it separated the south into five districts that were to be governed by the U.S. military. It also said the south was to recognize and permit the former slaves before they could reenter the Union. To reassure that this order was followed the second Reconstruction Act was passed; this put the military in charge of southern voter registration. During this time the Fifth Amendment was also passed permitting all American men the right to vote, including the former slaves. Congress knew Johnson would use all possible power to rule the reconstruction the way he thought it should. Therefore, trying to restrict his powers, in 1867 the Tenure of Office Act was passed; which required the president to join with the House and Senate before removing congressionally appointed cabinet members. Johnson didn’t abide to this act causing the Republicans to impeach him in 1868. This is when Ulysses S. Grant was brought into office. Grant’s personality being inexperienced and extremely passive created many problems and a bad reputation for him. In 1872 his Vice President Schuyler Colfax was forced to step back from office; due to his involvement in the Credit Mobilier scandal. In addition to his Vice Presidents flaws his personal secretary assisted in the embezzlement of millions of dollars from the U.S. Treasury. These harmful acts and others drove the Republican Party to split apart; and resulting in the formation of Liberal Republicans who wanted to end reconstruction. The Liberal Republicans nominated Horace Greeley for their partys’ presidential candidate. However, Grant still managed to beat him for the presidential position. In 1873, a series of events including bad loans, and high expectations of the economy, lead the country into a destructive depression. The depression caused a plethora of lost jobs among the American people. In efforts to help end the depression and prevent inflation congress put an end to coining silver dollars and passed the Resumption Act of 1875. This act removed all paper money from the economy. The depressions economic issues were a major factor in the election of 1874. Many people betrayed on the Republican Party and voted Democrat because of the hard times they experienced during the depression. This change gave the Democratic Party control over the House of Representatives. The radical republicans lost many members; therefore lessening their abilities to pass orders. The last legislative act they did pass was the Civil Rights Act of 1875, an effort to try and eliminate racial discrimination. The election putting Democrats in power kicked off the end of Radical Reconstruction. Court Cases such as the Slaughterhouse case which argued against the 14th Amendment; and the U.S. v. Cruikshank case which discussed issues dealing with the Ku Klux Klan; also assisted in the ending of the Radical Reconstruction. There was a quarrel with the outcome of the election in 1876 between Democrat Tilden and Republican Hayes; this resulted in the Electoral count act in 1877.This act created a balanced, equal committee to recount votes. This committee concluded that Hayes won the presidency position. The democrats were outraged with the results of the election and the resulted in the Compromise of 1877. This compromise said that the Democrats would allow Hayes to become President if Federal troops were withdrawn from the south, republican agreed. This removal of troops marked the end of the reconstruction era. The end of the Civil war created a period of time in which the U.S. had to deal with, governing issues, scandals, and economic hardships. The integration of former slaves with the whites was a task that seemed impossible to achieve. The views and wants of Political Parties’ and the Presidency position changed during this time. However the North and South were joined again at last.